Current AFMs, however, provide actual estimates of force only in the vertical direction.
The load equations and conditions of ASCE 7 resulted in reasonable and conservative estimates of forces on components for hydrostatic buoyancy, lateral hydrostatic and hydrodynamic forces.
Overall, the proposed quasi-linear fluid system model yields better indirect estimates of forces from the measured responses when compared with direct force measurements, through a simpler mechanical system model provides some insights.
In the implementation of the EnKF, the identification of the hyper-parameters is very unintuitive if the model error is not explicitly accounted for and best estimates of forcing and observation error lead to overconfident forecasts.
As an estimate of the force at the length preceding each quick-step we instead used the average force measured during 200 ms before the step (after denoising the signal, see Methods).
Dunning went back to his office alone and, as the gale howled outside, spent nearly three hours making an estimate of the force of the energy he had succeeded in releasing from a single atom of uranium.
Scaling BF with PF enables direct estimate of bite force from measures of dc and φ in fossil teeth, achievable nondestructively from micro-computed tomography scans.
It is an estimate of the force exerted by the muscle when a length L is maintained for a very long time (i.e., at equilibrium).
Certainly for its size, our estimate of bite force in Andalgalornis is relatively weak compared to predictions generated for anterior bites in carnivorous mammals.
This provides an estimate of the force capabilities of the motor units per unit size.
This measurement was done in the morning after breakfast 3 times, and the maximal estimate of the force was recorded.
