Here we use estimates of extant species number to represent the net diversification rate for the metazoan taxa.
Worldwide Ne estimates of extant bears from the literature are approximately 4,000 for polar bears (Cronin et al. 2009), 20,000 for brown bears (Paetkau et al. 1998), and 171,000 for American black bears (Hellgren and Vaughan 1989), based on a census to effective population size ratio of about 0.18, which was determined independently for all three species.
For 15 genera (out of 262) the number of species was not clearly indicated in previous publications in which case the Plant List (http://www.theplantlist.org/) was used to estimate the number of extant species currently accepted in the genus.
The use of molecular data to estimate the ages of extant taxa has revolutionised many aspects of evolutionary biology [ 51, 52], despite their known limitations and shortcomings [ 51, 53].
The Monte Carlo-based sampling technique used for model fitting has also allowed the first estimates of the extant uncertainty in breakpoint values for eliminating LF.
Our estimates for origin of extant arvicanthine and praomyine lineages are consistent with the 8 My estimate obtained by Ducroz et al [ 12] for arvicanthines but younger than the 8.5 Mya estimate for Praomyini obtained by Lecompte et al. [ 25].
Specific tension can be estimated from studies of extant vertebrates, as it is relatively uniform in vertebrate muscle that is shortening by concentric contraction [35].
A model of CR evolution based on the estimated divergence times of extant CR subfamilies is shown in figure 4. The divergence time of CRA3 of Arabidopsis to CR subfamilies of grasses (from 163.879 ± 20.921 to 227.856 ± 58.365 Ma) is consistent with the estimated monocot dicot divergence time of approximately 200 ± 40 Ma (Wolfe et al. 1989).
While analysis of the complete mtDNA dataset estimated the bulk of extant ray-finned fish lineages to have originated in the Jurassic, analysis of datasets pruned of saturated partitions shifted the majority of these estimates into the Cretaceous (145.0-66.0 Mand and Paleogene.
These impacts are not considered in current estimates of the number of extant functional playas, leading to biased estimates by groups or agencies extrapolating research or monitoring results, conducting conservation planning, and modeling impacts of future climate change.
