The RMSE for the direction-cosine of the k th source is defined as RMSE = 1 500 ∑ i = 1 500 û x, k i - u x, k 2 + û y, k i - u y, k 2, where { û x, k i, û y, k i } are the estimate of direction-cosines at i th run. Figure 3a shows a two-source scenario results, whereas Figure 3b shows a three-source scenario results.
For the remainder, forecasted changes in temperature and precipitation were logically propagated through each recharge mechanism producing qualitative estimates of direction of changes in recharge only (not magnitude).
The type of material may bias, or result in greater scatter of, estimates of direction (e.g., Castro and Brown (1987); Pavón-Carrasco et al. (2014c)) and intensity (see discussions in Donadini et al. (2007); Suttie et al. (2011); Ziegler et al. (2008)).
In two studies, in which estimates of direction of transmission were obtained through other formulae, the magnitude of transmission from foreign-born to natives was similar to that estimated for the opposite direction (foreign-born, infected by natives): 18.3% versus 16%and5.8%8% versus 7.9%, for the respective studies [ 21, 31].
This is because the coarse estimates of direction-cosines begin to misidentify the estimation grid.
Finally, the coarse estimates of direction-cosines are used to disambiguate the fine but cyclically ambiguous estimates to derive both fine and unambiguous estimates of direction-cosines.
First, the course but unambiguous estimates of direction-cosines are derived from the "vector-cross-product" result.
Then, the fine but cyclically ambiguous estimates of direction-cosines are obtained from the inter-sensor phase factors.
Also the two fine estimates of direction-cosines are both obtained from the inter-triad phase factors of the "vector-cross-product" results.
The output of the top layer will be the solution to a computational problem — in this case, an estimate of the direction of the user's gaze.
Rather, the role of efference copy is to maintain an estimate of the direction of gaze, which can be integrated with incoming retinal stimulation to determine the static, observer-relative locations of perceived objects.
