Poverty mapping uses small area estimation techniques to estimate levels of deprivation (poverty, undernutrition) across small geographic domains within a country.
Because prior to this study no fixed differences between Neandertal and present-day humans in the nuclear genome were known, we used two alternative strategies to estimate levels of nuclear contamination.
Assumptions about the relevant spatial and temporal relations are used to estimate levels of electrical activity in small regions of the brain corresponding to pixels in the finished image.
For quantitative traits, we demonstrate, using the Haseman-Elston method, (1) the same inflation in type I error, in the absence of an appropriate correction, and (2) the inadequacy of permutation tests to estimate levels of significance when all phenotypic values are permuted, irrespective of gender.
Finally, autosomal microsatellites have been used extensively to estimate levels of genetic diversity [9] [11].
Secondly, by applying species diversity values from our systematic survey of characterized, cultured dinoflagellates to environmental samples, we can estimate levels of natural diversity and gauge how much natural diversity is represented in culture collections.
Our long-term prospective study provided an opportunity to estimate levels of retention and their predictors using a modeling approach in the context of various HIV prevention and research program related scenarios such as those described below.
We used whole genome shot-gun sequence data from six inbred lines of D. simulans from the Drosophila Population Genomics Project [9] to estimate levels of polymorphism within D. simulans and divergence between D. simulans and D. melanogaster (Methods).
In order to estimate levels of mutant overexpression, which cannot be compared to wild type cells as for Armadillo and E-Cadherin, we defined "lateral" and "central" domains of overexpression, reflecting strength of the dppGAL4 driver expression (high centrally, lower laterally, see Materials and Methods).
Using this experimental design, we were able estimate levels of resistance and mating rates for the three female morphs by looking for dust on the thorax, which indicates a male clasping attempt, and on the female's genitalia, which shows that mating had occurred with a dusted male.
Bonferroni adjustments [ 20] were used to estimate levels of significance.
