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Marziliano et al.[94] have proposed edge spread (ES) as a measure to estimate irregularities based on edges and their adjacent regions.
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The former feature allows us to estimate irregularity drift velocities projected along the direction of motion of the IPPs.
The database of more than 2500 ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers was used to estimate the irregularities occurrence and dynamics over the auroral region of the Northern Hemisphere.
But the group estimates that irregularities occurred at a third of polling places.
Generally the scintillation indices can help in estimating the irregularity scintillation effect at a one minute rate, but such procedures are time consuming if DFTs of the phase and/or amplitude at a 50 Hz data are required.
W D is the spectral width of the irregularities estimated from correlation function shape.
V D is the Doppler velocity of the irregularities estimated from the phase vs. time lag slope of correlation function.
Meanwhile, the zonal drifts of irregularities estimated using two spatially separated GPS receivers over Sanya show a similar behavior during the two equinoxes, slowly decreasing from 150 m/s at post-sunset to 50 m/s near midnight.
On the other hand, the estimates of the ionospheric irregularities occurrence and intensity derived with the GPS signal measurements are a valuable source of information during this period.
Instead of simply using single time scale to estimate the complex pattern (irregularity) of a time series, MSE extended this concept to evaluate the complexity of physiological signals on multiple time scales.
The $7.1 billion total used to describe the currently known scope of the accounting irregularities is an estimate of how much WorldCom inflated earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization.
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