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We perform simulation studies to assess the impact of the assumption that multiple genetic variants provide independent information on the causal estimate, in particular in the presence of gene gene interactions and linkage disequilibrium.
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For this reason, motion discontinuities as shown in Fig. 12D still contain some wrong estimates, in particular in the upper left and the lower right part of the image.
Furthermore, a relatively large number of COPD patients was included in our study, although the statistical precision of the risk estimates was modest, in particular in the subanalyses.
Moreover, the fact that registration procedures were modified on several occasions before the 2011 election and that it changed again in 2014 renders the electoral rolls quite unreliable to estimate the voter turnout, in particular in the overseas constituencies.
This might indicate a problem in these countries estimates of water resources, in particular in the distinction between internal and external water resources.
It is shown that when the QTL has a pleiotropic effect on two traits, a bivariate analysis leads to a higher statistical power of detecting the QTL and to a more precise estimate of the QTL's map position, in particular in the case when the QTL has a small effect on the trait.
Cystatin C has been shown to be superior to serum creatinine as an estimate of GFR in several different patient populations, in particular, in the near-normal, normal and higher range, where creatinine-derived measures perform poorly [ 30].
In particular, in estimating the body shape biological age, both men and women showed that the WHR was the most powerful factor.
Can we estimate the relative contribution of genetics to fitness, in particular in comparison with the contribution of environment?
In particular, in order to estimate the parameters of the model, Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods are necessary, WinBUGS [ 21] being our choice to carry out the inference.
A nuanced interpretation of Mendelian randomization estimates, and of multivariable Mendelian randomization estimates in particular, is required in the light of the uncertainty of the underlying assumptions in any applied analysis.
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