Two recent meta-analyses concluded that MP-MRI has a high negative predictive value for the detection of CS cancers [16, 17], and it has been shown previously that MP-MRI can estimate grade of PCa compared to histopathology results with a reasonable degree of accuracy [18].
No co-factors were included, and the correlation coefficient that was used gave an imprecise effect estimate (Grade 2).
As already noted, rater 156 tends to under-estimate grades compared to the majority, while rater 143 tends to over-estimate.
We have demonstrated, using the Bayesian latent trait model, a way by which to estimate both the performance of raters, via estimated grade boundary parameters, and the marginal distributions of ratings given to each sample.
The number of immunopositive cells was semi-quantitatively estimated: grade +, 5 10% positive cells; grade ++, 11 50% positive cells; and grade +++, > 50% positive cells.
Staining intensity positivity of HAS2 in the epithelium was estimated grading it into three categories: 1 (weak); 2 (moderate); and 3 (strong).
Studies showed that there was a distinct negative relation between students' estimated grade-point average and the tendency to engage in cheating behavior [ 13, 22].
The REALM test is a previously validated instrument that uses an objective scoring system to assign a grade-range estimate of literacy (grade 0 to 6, grade 7 to 8, or grade 9 and above) [ 8].
The daytime systolic/diastolic ambulatory blood pressure equivalent to the lower limit of grade 1 or mild hypertension was estimated to be 4/3 mm Hg lower than seated clinic values (table 2); the estimate for grade 2 hypertension was 8/4 mm Hg lower and for grade 3 hypertension was 12/6 mm Hg lower.
Clinical use was based on data from the literature, or when this was lacking, on an estimate, and graded + to +++ or – to – – –, based on degree of acceptance or rejection.
Stuart Rojstaczer, a critic of grade inflation, has estimated average grades over time by combining dozens of unofficial and official sources.
