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Even if the presented models allow us to estimate generation and attraction using basic socioeconomic and land-use attributes, at the initial stage of some studies, the analyst is sometimes required to provide a first estimation of future import/export flows by using available data from other studies (e.g. territorial ones), that typically report population and employees forecasts [24].
"If we were to use males to estimate generation time, then these differences mean that lucky females live for three generations".
As few or no data are available to estimate generation length for all of the mangrove species in this study, the lowest value (10 years) was used uniformly, based on an assumption that mangrove species reproduce throughout their lifetime and can live to an age of at least 15 to 20 years.
To estimate generation time (g) we used the equation g = α + (s/ 1- s)), where α is the age of first reproduction in females and s is the expected adult survival rate [ 84].
Next, we calculated the infected cell growth rate (g) from 1 to peak cells for each episode (g = (ln Ipeak)/ tpeak), and used this measure to roughly estimate generation time (Tg, time from becoming infected to infecting a neighboring cell for an infected cell), where Tg = ((Rinit − 1)/2))/ g (Fraser et al., 2004).
Note here the distinction between the probability estimate generation for each gene that involves averaging over the three possible arrangements of training and calibration sets, and the calculation of the performance measure that is done independently for each one of the four folds (test sets), using each time only the genes of the test set.
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In contrast, MEG-dSPM applied to the same spindles estimated generation in shifting cortical locations, with simultaneously active generators that were largely independent of each other (and the EEG-dSPM) in frequency, phase and amplitude.
Our results showed substantial differences between the estimated generation time distributions for the different outbreaks.
Accordingly, we estimated generation number for each of the 3,570 genotyped animals by subtracting 1950 from their birth year and dividing by the generation interval of 5 years.
However, estimating generation time is often difficult, and thus, the age at sexual maturity and the time to first reproduction are used as proxies [ 109, 110].
This transformation has proved applicable to other avian systems where detailed information on age-specific rates of survival and reproductive output, necessary for estimating generation time, has been obtained [ 24].
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