Exact(28)
The root mean squared error (RMSE) was calculated to estimate bias.
Subsequently, a polyfit surface evolution is proposed to approximately estimate bias field, which makes segmentation robust to image noises.
Its point estimate bias was consistently within 1.5%; its bias and precision were robust over a range of effect and censoring scenarios.
Relevant data were extracted based on specific coding rules, and Cohen's d effect size was used to estimate bias specificity effects.
To estimate bias due to missing data, we first tested whether the missing data were missing completely at random by applying a user-written routine for Stata, ~mcartest~.
In the proposed system, to estimate bias, the efficiency of the selected weak classifiers is assessed by applying them to different samples called the reservoir set.
Similar(32)
As an alternative, Simar and Wilson (2007) suggested using a bootstrap method to estimate bias-corrected efficiency scores during the first step.
Costs generally have a highly skewed distribution; therefore, bootstrapping with 5,000 replications will be used to estimate bias-corrected and accelerated confidence intervals around cost differences [ 57].
As some results remained skewed after loge transformation, analyses were bootstrapped with 10,000 repetitions to estimate bias-corrected accelerated confidence intervals.
The resulting estimated bias in AC-PET is severe in regions in and near the artifact regions.
Some spurious peaks are present in the spectrum, and an increase in the estimates bias is obtained.
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