Earlier this year, the House of Commons public accounts committee reported current outstanding student debt of £46bn on the government's books, a figure set to rise to £200bn by 2042 with an estimate attached that shows more than £70bn will never be repaid.
However, the analysis we present here allows for a quantifiable estimate attached to each predictor variable, providing some much-needed guidance when selecting probes for custom-designed arrays.
That level of savings may prove elusive, as the estimates attached to many of the proposals to cut costs, like expanding electronic record-keeping and improving management of chronic conditions, are considered highly speculative.
It is also far lower than the rain forest's global worth (which, while seemingly priceless, does have some estimates attached to it, in the range of $1,700 per hectare per year).
The probability estimates attached to the FiveThirtyEight forecasts are based on how the polls have performed historically in practice, and not how well they claim to do in theory.
While rivals Barack Obama and John Edwards have both laid out sweeping health care reform plans with estimated costs attached, Clinton has so far proposed only modest changes to the existing system while avoiding the vexing question of how to provide coverage for all.
The proxy average estimates cost attached to ecosystem services to rehabilitate degraded land reflect avoidance cost, for instance, the cost farmers will avoid if they practised PES practices on their farms or the amount in economic terms farmers could spend to "replace" or restore degraded ecosystems in absence of PES practices.
The uncertainty analyses from which the credible intervals are derived only estimate the parametric uncertainty attached to these estimates (eg, the relationship between calorie intake and obesity) and cannot estimate the structural uncertainty (ie, the uncertainty underlying the design of the model).
Six subsamples of water were filtered from each site; three were filtered using 0.2-μm-pore-size filters (30 ml, cellulose acetate membrane filter; Sartorius), and three were filtered using 3.0-μm-pore-size filters (cellulose nitrate membrane filter; Sartorius) in an attempt to estimate total and attached bacterial loads, respectively (Fig. 1) (24, 24).
The monetary cost of the reported diets was estimated by attaching a food price vector to the FFQ's nutrient composition database as described previously (20).
The monetary value of diets was estimated by attaching a food price vector to the FFQ nutrient composition database using well established methods (Monsivais & Drewnowski, 2007; Monsivais & Drewnowski, 2009).
