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Concern has arisen over possible effects of stand establishment practices on vegetation communities within commercial forests, particularly relative to use of herbicides and burning.
Overall, application of pendimethalin as PE and imazethapyr as POE in ZT proved to be the most effective herbicide strategy for weed management in soybean leading to higher grain yield and net returns, irrespective of crop establishment practices.
We recommend forest managers continue to incorporate a variety of stand establishment practices to ensure habitat availability for a variety of bird species, and that researchers further investigate mechanistic factors of avian community responses to silvicultural practices.
Our treatments represented available establishment practices and increased in intensity from mechanical or chemical site preparation with subsequent banded herbaceous control to mechanical and chemical site preparation with 2 years of subsequent broadcast herbaceous weed control applications.
The lowest yields of wheat (2.78 3.07 t ha−1) and rice (4.38 6.52 t ha−1) were recorded with the current farmers' practices (S1), consisting of intensive tillage (wet tillage or puddling in rice and dry tillage in wheat) followed by inefficient crop establishment practices (transplanting in rice and broadcasting in wheat) with complete removal of crop residues.
It has been demonstrated that proper establishment practices and weed control after planting can lead to high survivability and good growth rates (Bowles 1980; Nicholas and Rapley 2008).
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The report says 91% of girls in Egypt are cut, most of them – 77% – by a medical professional, which indicates how much of an establishment practice it is, and raises ethical questions of the doctors and nurses involved.
In this full factorial study on a valley terrace in Nepal, the influence of tillage (shallow T1, deep chisel T2, deep chisel + moldboard plough T3) and establishment practice (TPR, DSR) on the field water balance and rice performance were evaluated in two adjacent landscape settings (terrace edge "upland", central terrace "lowland").
Although deep tillage had only modest influences on seepage and percolation (SP) rates in both years (Y1, Y2), landscape placement and establishment practice had significant implications for the water balance (e.g. Y2 SP cm day−1: TPR-lowland = 1.6, DSR-lowland = 2.3, TPR-upland = 4.1, DSR-upland = 6.1).
However, the three test sites varied greatly in early productivity, for reasons that could include: varying rainfall, nutrient availability or evapotranspiration among the sites, out-of-season frosts, and/or establishment practice.
Globally, attention has been given to some site-establishment practices that have negative impacts on long-term site productivity (LTSP).
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