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The report says 91% of girls in Egypt are cut, most of them – 77% – by a medical professional, which indicates how much of an establishment practice it is, and raises ethical questions of the doctors and nurses involved.
However, the three test sites varied greatly in early productivity, for reasons that could include: varying rainfall, nutrient availability or evapotranspiration among the sites, out-of-season frosts, and/or establishment practice.
In this full factorial study on a valley terrace in Nepal, the influence of tillage (shallow T1, deep chisel T2, deep chisel + moldboard plough T3) and establishment practice (TPR, DSR) on the field water balance and rice performance were evaluated in two adjacent landscape settings (terrace edge "upland", central terrace "lowland").
Although deep tillage had only modest influences on seepage and percolation (SP) rates in both years (Y1, Y2), landscape placement and establishment practice had significant implications for the water balance (e.g. Y2 SP cm day−1: TPR-lowland = 1.6, DSR-lowland = 2.3, TPR-upland = 4.1, DSR-upland = 6.1).
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It has been demonstrated that proper establishment practices and weed control after planting can lead to high survivability and good growth rates (Bowles 1980; Nicholas and Rapley 2008).
Concern has arisen over possible effects of stand establishment practices on vegetation communities within commercial forests, particularly relative to use of herbicides and burning.
More recently, there has been a steady trend towards lower initial stocking rates, e.g. 833 stems per hectare (4 × 3 m spacing), with better quality nursery stock and establishment practices accounting, in part, for this trend.
The main management responses are described by Booth et al. (2010), including: spacing and thinning, watering and nutrient regimes, fire management, pest, disease and weed management, use of genotypes and site selection, climate monitoring and establishment practices.
Contrasting results were obtained for both trials in terms of the BA removed, however any establishment practices that suppress trees and/or reduce stocking, may potentially reduce the BA removed, especially during the first thinning operation.
We recommend forest managers continue to incorporate a variety of stand establishment practices to ensure habitat availability for a variety of bird species, and that researchers further investigate mechanistic factors of avian community responses to silvicultural practices.
Overall, application of pendimethalin as PE and imazethapyr as POE in ZT proved to be the most effective herbicide strategy for weed management in soybean leading to higher grain yield and net returns, irrespective of crop establishment practices.
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