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Such host responses frequently involve the production of ROS, whose detoxification is essential for the establishment of the pathogen.
These penetration-specific effectors may be involved in manipulating plant cells to facilitate establishment of the pathogen.
Several introductions may explain both the high success of establishment of the pathogen and the presence of four distinct clusters of populations.
Further investigations will help identify these endemic foci and clarify biotic and abiotic factors that have favored establishment of the pathogen in northwestern Spain.
This, together with the introduction of infected dogs from nearby countries, could result in the establishment of the pathogen in areas which were otherwise free, together with the appearance of autochthonous cases.
Immediate means that pest suppression does not rely on the long-term reproduction or establishment of the pathogen, although in reality it can take several days for the pathogens to replicate and kill their host.
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We report that CPAF also targets chlamydial effectors secreted early during the establishment of the pathogen-containing vacuole ("inclusion").
Local survey and management schemes are thus advised, because phytosanitary measures and chemical control can prevent the establishment of this pathogen [14].
The wounding and UV-C responses appeared to peak within 24 h of treatment whereas the downy mildew-treated discs continued to show an increase in VvSTS transcription after 48 h, presumably reflecting the establishment of the downy pathogen within the leaf tissue.
Even if the initial establishment of a pathogen fails, the novel host population can become partially immune and in this way primed for more prolonged epidemics upon reintroduction of the pathogen.
Migration of animals among countries has been considered as the main reason of the spreading of old and the establishment of new foci of the pathogen [ 39].
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