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Thus, seed dispersal away from the largely doomed population found under the tree appears to be extremely important for the successful establishment of seedlings.
Restoration of degraded Mediterranean areas often requires the reintroduction of key-stone woody species but the establishment of seedlings of native species is frequently poor.
Without resuming coppicing for regeneration of native Rhododendrons, or litter clearing for establishment of seedlings, colonies of native Rhododendrons are expected to go on decreasing.
Many scrubland plants produce seeds that can remain dormant for long periods, a useful adaptation in an environment in which periods suitable for the establishment of seedlings are infrequent and unpredictable.
We recorded life-history stage, survival, establishment of seedlings and ramets, number of inflorescences and grazing marks on permanently marked individuals in eight populations in mid-Norway for three consecutive years.
In the hill-gully Loess Plateau region, it remains unclear whether a rich diversity of species persists in the fragmented landscape in spite of intensive human activities and whether the distribution of the soil seed bank and the establishment of seedlings are threatened by serious soil erosion.
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The suffrutex stage, which is a period of shoot establishment (of seedlings-suffrutices-sapling), may be as long as 10 to 40 years.
Once established, these grasses can reduce germination and establishment of broom seedlings.
Chenopodium murale interferes with the growth and establishment of crop seedlings.
Establishment of transplanted seedlings of woody shrubs in degraded Mediterranean environments may be aided by nursery treatments that promote development of a deep and effective root system.
This protected installations along the beach and improved the ecological environment, leading to the establishment of mangrove seedlings that also stabilized beach areas.
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