There was no effect of the treatments on fish condition and coefficients of variation of the treatments suggested there was no establishment of hierarchies in any treatment, with growth rates consistent between individuals.
The establishment of a hierarchy and the division of the Church into bishoprics and other acts of Church government are also done by authority of the lay ruler.
However, there were no significant differences in lesion severity or sow activity between the three enrichment types, suggesting that common behavioral patterns including the establishment of social hierarchy took precedence over the pursuit of available enrichment.
Plato may or may not have yet envisaged the kind of solution to the problem that he is going to present in the Republic: the establishment of a hierarchy among the virtues with wisdom, the only intellectual virtue, as their basis.
Moreover, the so-called "challenge hypothesis" gives a central role to androgens (mainly testosterone and 11-ketosterone in fish) in the establishment of social hierarchy following contact among conspecifics [17] [18], [11].
In this setting, wild-type males typically fight for sole occupancy of the food patch, resulting in the establishment of a hierarchy (Chen et al., 2002).
Alternatively, organotypic culture of oral cell lines permits the establishment of tissue hierarchy and generates patterns of putative stem cell marker expression that are more representative of ex vivo tissues 23.
Except for these few weak instances, there is no development of social behaviour in snake populations no establishment of social hierarchies, no territoriality, and perhaps no dominance.
Most crayfish species exhibit behavioral traits (solitary lifestyle, high aggressiveness, establishment of social hierarchies) which in intensive aquaculture systems result in low survival due to cannibalism and reduced overall growth.
