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In two of the cases, the products function in a different compartment from where they are encoded (for example, being encoded in the host genome but putatively functioning in a symbiont or plastid) and establishment of functionality will require the demonstration both that the mRNA is translated and that the protein products are targeted to the appropriate compartment (the symbiont or plastid).
Notwithstanding formal establishment of functionality, one can ask what selective processes would drive the spread of the genes into their new compartment.
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Taken together these data suggest that an impairment in Akt signaling might be related to the development of age-related metabolic and functional disorders in skeletal muscle and importantly, that the re-establishment of Akt functionality may be a useful strategy for diminishing the deleterious effects of aging on muscle structure and function.
Increasing evidence suggests a key role for lipids in the establishment and functionality of synapses.
In the last years, phytohormones such as ethylene, salicylic acid, abscisic acid and jasmonates have been shown to play a crucial role in the establishment and functionality of the AM symbiosis [ 20, 68- 70]; they can thus be considered good candidates to explain the systemic effect of mycorrhization on tomato fruit.
Hierarchical functional networks allow the establishment of models linking data and functionalities from heterogeneous levels of a system structure.
Changes in the DNA methylation profile have a critical role in the division of these stem cells into the myeloid and lymphoid lineages and in the establishment of a specific phenotype and functionality in each terminally differentiated cell type.
Evaluating community resilience and functionality requires the establishment of new metrics and their quantification.
Alternatively, to produce the desired ecosystem functionality, preservation and establishment of grassland during re-vegetation processes should be encouraged, at least, in the early stage of ecological restoration within a "successional re-vegetation" framework.
Distinctively, proposed NBS basically focus on (i) the effective protection of crop mosaics with relict woodlots; (ii) the improvement of functionality, quality and accessibility of new forests; and (iii) the establishment of new forests in rural municipalities.
NAS: The NAS functionalities include the establishment of radio connections between the network and the UE.
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