According to Lazarinis (2006), the origin of the ECDL certification goes back to 1994 through a European initiative which aims at the establishment of a certification for basic IT skills.
The scandal of conflict diamonds led to the establishment of a certification scheme in 2003 under the auspices of the Kimberley Process, an alliance of governments, non-governmental agencies and the industry, represented by the World Diamond Council.
The high mobility of the livestock population poses an additional challenge for the control and establishment of credible certification systems for the major trans-boundary diseases occurring in Somalia.
Finally, establishment of a European certification approved by the medical societies issuing this SRA should also be covered, not only after the completion of initial training, but also throughout the whole professional life of each professional.
Secondly, external data collection and breast centre certification required the establishment of a provider of certification services for the delivery of specialist (breast) cancer services that was separate from, and independent of, the participating clinical institutions.
As new ENMs are developed, it is critical to further promote the establishment of standards and certifications, which will protect human safety, prevent lawsuits, and avoid a negative public perception of nanotechnology.
Surveillance efforts could be targeted at high-risk areas which would lead to more effective use of the scarce veterinary resources in Somalia, and ultimately, contribute to the establishment of an internationally credible certification system for livestock export by nomadic pastoral systems.
The application of disease control measures based on geographical factors and applied at local/compartmental level could be a starting point for the establishment of an internationally recognised certification system in settings where large-scale surveillance and control activities cannot be implemented.
An understanding of the aggregation/dispersion mechanisms and contact structure of the Somali livestock potentially could assist in setting up appropriate spatial risk-based surveillance activities and control measures that may lead to the establishment of an internationally accepted certification system for this nomadic pastoral livestock production system.
The process also resulted in the training and certification of health care providers in CRA and CRAFT and the establishment of a local training and certification program.
The willingness of public authority to delegate social and environmental regulation to the private sector has varied from sector to sector, but has often led to the establishment of 'voluntary' standards and certifications on sustainability.
