Invasional meltdown, where established non-indigenous species facilitate the establishment and spread of newly arriving non-indigenous species, may contribute to the increasing rate of biological invasions.
Invasions typically occur as a progression through three phases: arrival, establishment, and spread.
Introduction, establishment, and spread of exotic forest pests have been increasing at an alarming rate during the past 200 years.
Among the most pressing concerns of land managers in post-wildfire landscapes are the establishment and spread of invasive species.
Unlike previous efforts, Kolar and Lodge's approach breaks the invasion process into separate stages: introduction, establishment, and spread.
Most importantly, the region's climate differed significantly from most of Europe such that newly arriving plants did not find suitable conditions for rapid establishment and spread.
Canals have also had a profound impact on the establishment and spread of non-native freshwater species in Europe, and this impact is tightly linked to shipping.
Aquacultural practices frequently result in high population densities and other stresses (such as intercurrent disease) which increase the risk of infection establishment and spread.
For example, understanding insect cold tolerance allows us to predict the establishment and spread of insect pests and biological control agents.
The likelihood maps for introduction and exposure and for establishment and spread were combined to generate national likelihood maps for each disease.
This paper reports on the design, construction and testing of a novel simulation model for the establishment and spread of fruit fly.
