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This positive-strand RNA virus is remarkably efficient at establishing persistent infection.
The polyomavirus, BK virus (BKV) infects the majority of humans early in life, establishing persistent asymptomatic infections in immunocompetent individuals.
Such variation may allow this organism to evade the host immune response and to adapt to diverse host microenvironments, thus establishing persistent infection.
S. typhimurium, S. marcescens and E. faecalis are capable of stably colonizing and establishing persistent infection in the nematode intestinal tract.
It is thought that differential gene expression plays an important role in allowing the spirochete to navigate the transitions between hosts and in establishing persistent infection [3] [6].
Regardless of the recombination mechanisms, it has been generally accepted that genetic variation in MG191 and MG192 repeat regions represent a mechanism used by M. genitalium to evade the host immune response and to adapt to diverse host microenvironments, thus establishing persistent infection.
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To deal with this looming threat, the United States will need to establish persistent active surveillance of the maritime approaches, backed up by an always ready Navy and Coast Guard intercept force that ensures that suspect vessels can be inspected before getting close enough to do harm.
This tolerogenic environment is exploited by several hepatotropic pathogens to establish persistent infections with long-term liver damage.
This parasite establishes persistent infections of long duration, at least in part through rapid antigenic variation of the VESA1 protein on the infected-erythrocyte surface.
In this review, we highlight the molecular mechanisms of how PRRSV interferes with the different steps of initial antiviral host responses to establish persistent infection in pigs.
Some authors have suggested that polymorphisms are implicated in HCMV-induced immunopathogenesis, as well as in strain-specific behaviors, such as tissue-tropism and the ability to establish persistent or latent infections.
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