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Furthermore mTOR plays pivotal roles in establishing cell shape, polarity, migration and proliferation (Neufeld 2003; Berven et al. 2004; Jacinto et al. 2004; Long et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2005a, b; De Virgilio and Loewith 2006).
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These data indicate that in developing cotyledons there are at least 2 distinct phases of pavement cell morphogenesis: an early phase during which polarized lobe initiation and asymmetric growth is prevalent and a subsequent phase of persistent growth during which an established cell shape appears to influence the growth pattern.
Products of the diaphanous genes contribute to cytoskeletal function including establishing cell polarity and shape [ 43– 43].
The result is the asymmetrical redistribution of cellular components and, occasionally, the reorganization of the cytoskeleton to change the shape of the cell, thus establishing cell polarity.
It is also well established that cell shape on 2-D patterns regulates cytoskeletal structure [41] and thereby cell contractility [40] since the actin cytoskeleton is a force-bearing network that is necessary for application of cell contractile forces to the surroundings [42].
Furthermore, it has been established that cell shape and contractility regulate ciliogenesis (42).
Thus, cell wall is involved in establishing and maintaining cell shape and also regulates cell division (Kobori et al., 1994; Madden and Snyder, 1998).
After cell fate is established, cell-cell signaling and intracellular signal transduction pathways instruct cells to undergo cell shape changes.
In contrast, once ALI cultures were established, cells looked better defined, smaller in size, and with typical epithelial polygonal shape.
In basic cell biology studies, the role of lamin A/C in determining cell shape has been well established [40].
Homologous proteins are the most abundant proteins in most bacterial cells and have established roles in translation and other processes, including cell shape maintenance [ 90].
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