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Establishing cause and effect in these matters is never simple, and this presents a problem.
Establishing cause and effect in such an area is difficult and requires more scientific experimentation.
The data they used for establishing cause of death depend on voluntary reports, which are not always reliable.
As in other cases involving exposure to environmental hazards, establishing cause and effect is likely to be difficult.
The occurrence together, however, of a respiratory symptom and an episode of acid reflux is not always helpful in establishing cause and effect.
It emphasizes the logic and methods of social science research, including the measurement of social phenomena, generalizing results to groups of interest, establishing cause and effect, social experiments, survey research, and qualitative methods.
Similar(43)
Neither regression nor correlation analyses can be interpreted as establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
Recent perspectives focus on the two-way interplay between vegetation and hillslope geomorphology, where establishing cause-and-effect linkages is made difficult by confounding factors (spatial temporal scale, location, convergence, divergence, nonlinearity, thresholds, feedbacks).
A common error in drawing conclusions is to mistake establishing correlation with establishing cause-and-effect.
LCC models help to improve our understanding of the land system by establishing cause-effect relations and testing them on historic data.
The method of analysis stops short of establishing cause-and-effect relationships.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com