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Eliminating alternative causal explanations plays an important role in establishing causality.
"The biggest problem with this approach is establishing causality," Pennebaker said, when I spoke to him last week.
When he's not establishing causality, Land's admissions of inadequacy inspire reader responses that range from the hopeful "Buck up!" to far testier rejoinders.
When you're dealing with all of these macroeconomic moving parts, establishing causality goes far beyond what I've done here.
Establishing causality is always a challenge.
The question of establishing causality from purely observational data is far from trivial.
Associations between cannabis use and psychotic outcomes are consistently reported, but establishing causality from observational designs can be problematic.
Another approach to establishing causality in the absence of experimental human studies is to consider the impact of fibroids on assisted reproductive technology (ART) cycles.
The literature on relationships between the built environment and travel is extensive, but the vast majority of such studies relies solely on statistical analyses of travel survey data, with limited possibilities for establishing causality.
That said, there are important passages in Dharmakīrti's works where he does speak of establishing causality because one observes an effect when there is a particular cause and does not observe it when that cause is absent.
In any case, the use of theory is to be directed toward understanding the phenomenon of gender in the context of IS (analyzing, explaining), establishing causality (predicting) or guiding action (design and action).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com