Again, we selected items from the SMFQ a priori based on criteria necessary to establish a depression diagnosis and other research suggesting the stability of the items in depressed youth throughout childhood [ 30, 31].
By contrast, other self-report instruments, including the GDS, do not map to the DSM depression diagnostic criteria and so cannot be used for depression diagnosis (only screening) [ 10], meaning that additional evaluation to establish a depression diagnosis must be conducted following a positive screen.
Case identification using the EPDS during the second trimester is appropriate and enables healthcare professionals to follow-up high-risk women and implement secondary preventive interventions or clinical interviews to establish a perinatal depression diagnosis.
We conducted a systematic review, therefore, to identify all studies that had examined the diagnostic accuracy of the Whooley questions against a gold standard method of establishing a diagnosis of major depression according to internationally recognised criteria.
This study was cross-sectional study design, it did not allow establishing a temporal relationship between depression and anxiety and significant associated factors like substance (khat, cigarette and alcohol) use.
Conclusions Despite considerable data supporting the validity of MRI-defined vascular depression, there are a number of critical issues that remain, including establishing a causal relationship between cerebrovascular disease and late-life depression, establishing consistent diagnostic criteria, determining the importance of lesion type and location, and understanding the course of the disorder.
Note that higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory-II do not in themselves establish a diagnosis of depression.
Crucially, there is evidence indicating that patients suffering from certain subtypes of depression (e.g. patients with atypical depression) are prone to show such maladaptive behavior, emphasizing the need to establish a classification of depression that takes different subtypes into account.
In 2007 Steel et. al performed a noteworthy prospective study to establish a meditational model of depression, immunity and survival in patients with hepatobiliary carcinoma [ 58].
Comparator (reference standard): Studies that use a gold standard diagnostic interview to establish a diagnosis of major depression according to international criteria (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) or International Classification of Disease (ICD)) were eligible for inclusion.
