However, the sporadic nature of the observations makes it difficult to establish timescales of the variability.
Although the use of relaxed clocks and more realistic models of sequence evolution can mitigate the problem of rate heterogeneity, the lack of robust calibration points remains a major challenge to established a timescale for bacterial evolution.
Despite its limitations, radiocarbon remains the most universal method for establishing a timescale for the Late-glacial, and the paper concludes with a discussion of an experimental approach designed to establish the reliability and comparability of Late-glacial radiocarbon dates.
To estimate the relative contribution of measurement noise to observed variation and to establish a timescale for expression fluctuations we tested the dynamic response of subpopulations isolated from the clone.
Molecular clock models play an important role in modern molecular epidemiology [ 11] and have been used to establish a timescale of transmission for HIV and HCV outbreaks (for example, [ 12]).
The genetic information itself gives relative ages, which are translated into real time by reference to a timescale established by early ape and monkey fossils.
These data confirm the pre-established timescale of plaque development [8] and data are not shown.
The flood peak discharge frequency relationship at 10,000-year timescale was established by a combination of the gauged flood, historical flood and palaeoflood hydrological data in the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River, assessing reliability of peak discharge data in flood design for the water conservancy construction and flood mitigation.
Therefore, it is necessary and significant to employ Δ-calculus theory to directly establish some related timescale theory on some classical problems.
Therefore, it is better to establish the corresponding timescale theory on some classical problems directly through Δ-calculus theory on time scales.
While still scarce and random, these dates establish that the timescale in which colonization events and use of regional space happened, archaeologically evaluated, covers a span comprised between mid-Early Holocene and final Late Holocene.
