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While the link between inflammation and colon cancer is well established, the temporal sequence of the inflammatory response in relation to tumorigenesis has not been characterized.
Indeed, because few studies have established the temporal sequence of first treatment and the onset, alleviation, or worsening of suicidality, it remains unclear whether treatment affects the likelihood of transitioning from ideation to attempts —and if so, in what direction and to what extent.
Although the cause-result relationship cannot decisively be established, the temporal sequence of events strongly suggests that the DPP4 inhibitor could have been causally related to development of RS3PE.
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Furthermore, the cross-sectional design cannot establish the temporal sequence of the association between vitamin D and metals.
Nevertheless, these findings warrant confirmation in prospective studies, specifically to establish the temporal sequence of this association.
Showing that raised BPA levels precede the increase in testosterone concentrations would establish the temporal sequence of changes and exclude reverse causation.
No studies were identified that monitored patients from the time of diagnosis to establish the temporal sequence of the onset of behavior considered maladaptive and whether weight gain occurs first or the care regimen is manipulated to prevent weight gain.
To establish the temporal sequence that IBS occurs before CRC neoplasia, for those subjects with colorectal neoplasia, if the date of IBS diagnosis was later the confirmatory date of colorectal neoplasia, they were excluded from incident analysis.
Studies investigating links between coerced sex and HIV are largely based on cross-sectional retrospective studies; many cite significant associations but cannot establish the temporal sequence between violence and HIV [ 14– 16].
Assessing the liver enzyme concentrations before pregnancy is vital to establishing the temporal sequence of the association between liver enzymes and GDM, particularly given the fact that liver enzyme concentrations may change during pregnancy, in part due to increases in sex steroid levels, which affect metabolic and hepatic functions (10).
Because the information about the diagnosis and duration of diabetes, as well as other lifestyle and dietary factors, was obtained before the occurrence of hip fracture, the exposure data can be considered free of recall bias and allow us to establish the temporal sequence in this diabetes hip fracture risk association.
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