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Planting native trees is, however, perceived as a risky activity due to limited knowledge of their performance and due to marked losses of newly established seedlings attributed to insect pests.
This is very encouraging, and we anticipate that in coming years, currently established seedlings and saplings may develop to provide suitable conditions for birds and other fauna to naturally introduce additional propagules (Bhullar and Majer, 2000; Majer et al. 2001).
We tested this in a field study with naturally established seedlings in treefall gaps (sun) and forest understory (shade) in a temperate rainforest of southern Chile.
Second, previously established seedlings should be sampled in addition to dispersed seeds to detect post-dispersal changes to the seed shadows that may result from NDD processes.
The infection status of the progenies was first determined by the microscopic examination of stained seeds collected in the field [31], as well as stained leaf sheaths of the established seedlings [32].
In total, 23 originally E- seed families and 33 endophyte isolates producing at least five established seedlings were included into the statistical analyses to meet the requirements of the χ2 -test [37].
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From left to right: early cotyledon elongation stage (1 week old); emergence of first foliar leaf (3 week old); and established seedling in vitro (6 week old).
He encouraged conservation efforts by re-establishing seedlings in the plant nursery of the island's national park.
Soil treated with the high rate of hexazinone contained sufficient residue to prevent survival of establishing seedlings for 160 days, compared with 150 days for the hexazinone/terbuthylazine mixture, 105 days for the high rate of clopyralid and 90 days for the high rate of terbuthylazine.
Seeds were germinated in dark at 25°C and transplanted into quartz sand bed to establish seedlings.
The imprinting method mentioned in Section 7.1.2 for establishing grass is also used for establishing seedlings (Anderson 1986).
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