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The test-retest reliability of the WPAI has been well established in populations with different diseases [ 33, 34].
Recent trans-ethnic studies have indicated that a large proportion of common disease- or trait-associated variants established in populations of European descent also contribute to the risk in other ethnic groups.
We did not apply a correction for multiple testing as the associations between the AAs and glycaemic risk factors and risk of diabetes are established in populations of European origin [ 5, 8, 10, 26].
Earlier menarche is related to subsequent breast cancer risk, yet international differences in the age and tempo of other pubertal milestones and their relationships with body mass index (BMI) are not firmly established in populations at differing risk for breast cancer.
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d) Association of migraine with depression has also been well established in population based studies besides clinical samples [21, 57].
While studies suggest risk factors for both include black race and lower CD4 lymphocyte count, they have not been established in population-based cohorts.
In GBD terms, therefore, migraine is associated with three potential health states, each occurring with measurable probability (established in population-based studies): the ictal state (during an attack, with its symptoms), the interictal state (between recurrent attacks), and MOH.
However, tools for diversity estimation established in population genetics can be applied, offering at least qualitative insights.
The effect of spatial distribution in populations is now an essential component of metapopulation models, and has become firmly established in population biology (Hanski and Simberloff, 1997).
This approach also needs to be established in larger populations with a focus on specific tumor types.
Klaus Stöhr, a virologist at the World Health Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, says there's no indication so far that H5N1 has become established in pig populations.
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