Sentence examples for established in plants from inspiring English sources

The essential role of the phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in resistance to pathogens is well established in plants (Denancé et al. 2013).

The genome-wide association study (GWAS) method based on the high-density SNP markers has recently been established in plants such as maize (Yu et al. 2006), rice (Huang et al. 2010 and Zhao et al. 2011), and soybean (Hwang et al. 2014).

Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of using viral silencing suppressor proteins as a tool to dissect small RNA pathways in animals, as previously established in plants.

The role of RNA silencing as an ancient antiviral defense mechanism has been firmly established in plants and some animals [1], [6], mainly based on two lines of compelling evidence.

Also, gene-to-biosynthetic modifications are well established in plants as they respond plastically to geo-environmental spatial variation [ 46].

Based on domain search and phylogenetic analysis, we report the presence of 90 PP2C genes in rice representing largest phosphatase class, as already established in plants.

Nevertheless, as the highest level of inhibition was observed with living A. tumefaciens cells containing a disarmed Ti plasmid, it seems likely that A. tumefaciens needs to become established in plant tissues and to express plant-induced genes before it can most effectively interfere with P. syringae growth and P. syringae-plant interactions.

Here, we review how pluripotency is established in plant stem cell systems, how it is maintained during development and growth and re-initiated during regeneration, and how these mechanisms eventually contribute to the amazing developmental plasticity of plants.

The toxicity of ammonium is well established in plant and animal systems (von Wiren and Merrick 2004), but it was not until recently that ammonium toxicity was discovered in S. cerevisiae (Hess et al. 2006).

Summary: This Review discusses how pluripotency is established in plant stem cell systems, how it is maintained during development and growth, and how it is re-initiated during regeneration.

Trial units consisted of four contiguous plants established in a planting line.