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For that reason, we used a well established differentiation model system of human U937 myelocytic leukemia cells that differentiate along the monocyte/macrophage lineage upon stimulation with the phorbol ester PMA.
Hence, despite a prolonged ability compared to the wildtype of the knockout cells to survive in tsetse flies we have no evidence connecting RabX1 or RabX2 to established differentiation pathways involving activation of the stumpy cell cycle arrest program and downstream events [49], [50].
We made use of an established differentiation system, the neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) treated with 5 μM ATRA [ 27].
For either pathway, established differentiation markers and CCN-members were analyzed at the mRNA level by RT-PCR and the CYR61/CCN1 protein was analyzed by immunocytochemistry.
Culture expanded cells combined and the subpopulation derived from initially sorted CD9+, CD90+, CD166+ cells were tested for their osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic potential using established differentiation protocols.
Using established differentiation protocols, we examined expression by qPCR of several mesodermal markers in MP cells relative to IM, CM and HSP.
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Acting on this distinction is what establishes differentiation and stokes demand.
All tissue specimens were evaluated by a pathologist to establish differentiation grade of the carcinoma and tumor cell content.
However, further studies are required to confirm this observation in colorectal cancer cells by well characterizing and establishing differentiation markers, which is an active area of research in the laboratory.
From previously published work [34] and our own investigations (data not shown), hEB size plays a significant role in establishing differentiation outcomes; thus the ability to control this parameter is important to fundamental and applied applications.
Importantly, when compared to well established static differentiation protocols, this methodology drastically enhanced the neuronal differentiation efficiency of NT2 cells and reduced the time needed for differentiation process; for a differentiation time of 23 days in the bioreactor culture a 10-fold improvement in yield was observed over the static culture protocols lasting 35 days [ 23].
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