If an individual is heterozygous for two different causative sequence variants, then analysis of the parents' DNA will establish whether the variants are in trans.
However, such analysis does not establish whether the variation observed is due to sequence differences between closely related paralogs (paralogous sequence variant), between alleles (single nucleotide polymorphism), or between paralogs and alleles (multisite variant).
Although it is impossible to establish whether this variant emerged in the 9-year interval between the two OBI episodes, or during the latest reactivation, our data indicate that HBV evolution may have occurred during OBI, and that this and some other mutations may have led to the induction of less effective antibody response against a reactivated virus.
Conversely, it is important to establish whether the same causative variant confers risk due to shared ancestry among different populations.
To establish whether the CHEK2 missense variants identified represent polymorphisms, 300 healthy controls were screened for these sequence changes.
Adequately powered studies in different ethnicities are necessary to establish whether these variants play a universal role in lipid biology.
By quantifying relative band intensities and comparing the intensity ratios (Fig. 4F), we aimed to establish whether the C′-terminal Hsp90rr variants have an effect on the pull-down efficiency.
In order to establish whether the homoduplexes contained a wild-type or variant sequence, a second DHPLC analysis was carried out mixing these samples with a DNA sample containing a wild-type sequence.
For each of the positive gene associations with ischemic stroke that we identified, we performed further analyses using separate data to establish whether the putative biochemical intermediaries of these gene variants are associated with equivalent quantitative levels of risk.
Future studies in larger population-based samples will be necessary to establish whether the DNA methylation signals identified here, also interact with genetic variants, or are subject to gene-environment interactions.
