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The first step is to establish cause, Brosnan said.
Because the study looked at correlations, it could not establish cause and effect.
Because the study is observational, not clinical, it can't establish cause and effect.
The postmortem report, for instance, does not establish cause of death.
They cannot establish cause and effect; they can only suggest a relationship between two factors or events.
Second, it's much easier to establish cause and effect when actions and outcomes are close together in time.
Similar(12)
Simulations also allow us to establish cause-and-effect relationships giving insights into muscle function.
In the laboratory, one can have much better control when attempting to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Further experiments are required to establish cause-and-effect relationships between these genetic changes and the adaptations of mudskippers.
EDA aids in linking ecological status to contamination, to establish cause-effect relationships and to target mitigation measures.
Finally, recent investigations (Ghirardi and Grassi 1994 , 1996 Ghirardi 1996, 2000) have shown that the very formal structure of the theory is such that it does not allow, even conceptually, to establish cause-effect relations between space-like events.
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