To establish causal relationships between liquidity and volatility, we use the econometric notion of Granger causality [11].
There are cases in which very careful observational studies involving large numbers of subjects can establish causal connections; this was how we learned that smoking causes lung cancer.
Evidence is inadequate to establish causal relationships between PPI therapy and many of the proposed associations.
Quasi-experimental studies are increasingly used to establish causal relationships in epidemiology and health systems research.
One question is this: do medieval thinkers, in practice, establish causal propositions on the basis of argument?
First, the retrospective cross-sectional study design restricts the ability to establish causal inferences related to antimigraine medication use.
Cross-lagged panel designs were used to establish causal directions, including backward effects from economic freedom and wealth on governance.
Economists use a range of empirical methods to establish causal relationships between education investments and valuable student or school outcomes.
Reminding ourselves that error exists throughout the entire research process and reasoning helps clarify that statistical techniques alone do not establish causal claims.
With our data further being cross-sectional, additional studies are particularly necessary to establish causal relationships between organizational pride and both its antecedents and consequences.
Experimental and longitudinal designs would be necessary to establish causal roles for EC in PTSD, as well as for influences of rehearsal and semantization processes on centrality.
