In urban breeding birds, the paucity of dietary specialists suggests that a lack of food resources, such as arthropod prey essential for reproduction and survival, may contribute to bird declines.
Since barn owls are aerial predators, information about the elevation of an auditory stimulus is essential to targeting prey.
Alternatively, slowing down and then accelerating back to cruising speed may be essential for some prey capture strategies such as gleaning from both vegetation and water, or for negotiating cluttered environments.
We now need to do more to ensure healthy oceans by protecting essential forage fish, small prey species that our valuable fish populations rely upon and by reducing the effects of destructive fishing practices on habitats.
This was essential because if the prey item simply reappeared in a new location after capture, its reappearance would reveal its new location.
In predator-prey models, the functional response of predators to prey density is essential, and it can enrich the dynamics of predator-prey systems.
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Most predators target their prey by attacking essential body parts to avoid prey escape and to reduce other costs associated with attacks that are not instantly lethal [5], [14].
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.04854.001 The ability to locate where a sound is coming from is an essential survival skill for both prey and predator species.
Information on predator-prey interactions is essential for understanding everything from animal behaviour and population dynamics to the direct and collateral impacts that humans have on ecosystems.
