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An important component of these signaling networks is GADD45 proteins which are especially well characterized in T cell [ 42].
The role of MINA53 has been especially well characterized in lung cancer, making it a potential prognostic biomarker for the disease [ 270, 273].
The genetic underpinnings of colorectal cancer (CRC) are especially well characterized (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 2004) and include common somatic mutations in the APC, TP53 and KRAS genes, followed in frequency by PIK3CA and BRAF mutations (Wood et al, 2007).
For other gene products, the original function is mechanistically exploited but part of the functionality has been lost during virus evolution converting the gene products into inhibitors or modulators of the respective host pathways, such as programmed cell death or various forms of immunity, a phenomenon often called molecular mimicry and especially well characterized in poxviruses [ 4- 7].
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Empirically, the durations of such episodes, and the intervals between them, have not yet been well characterized, especially over substantial time periods in behaving animals.
Normally, cellular iron uptake is mediated by the Tf/TfR dependent and independent pathways, the former being most prominent and well characterized especially in neuroblastoma cells.
Among the cell wall-degrading enzymes, glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GHF5) cellulases are relatively well characterized, especially for high impact parasites such as root-knot and cyst nematodes.
The DNA damage response in budding yeast S. cerevisiae is well characterized, especially regarding its response to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) [ 1- 8].
A few qualified this by limiting the near-term applications to those related to mechanisms of action that are already fairly well characterized, especially those that are mediated with known receptors.
Although the physiological functions of CLIMP-63 in the cell are not well characterized, especially compared with 14-3-3 14-3-3 14-3-3vious studies reproteinst CLIMpreviousctionstudiesllulareportiferathat as CLIMP-63 expression is upregulated by a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor olomoucine.
Since factors other than selection can sometimes affect these calculations [ 20], and since the history of African pygmies is not well characterized (especially going back more than several thousand years ago), we did not exclude genes identified as under "old" selection, although the focus was on genes under "new" selection in the Biaka.
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