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The putative survival skills measured were spontaneous swimming speed and the responsiveness, timing and magnitude of escape responses elicited by artificial stimuli.
Flies that do not freeze display escape responses directed away from the looming stimulus.
In invertebrates, research has focused more on the mechanisms of escape responses.
Larval escape responses were provoked by water movement from the suction of a fixed-position pipette.
The best-known examples of fast starts are escape responses and predator strikes.
Furthermore, the decrease in escape responses is accompanied by a commensurate increase in the fraction of flies freezing (Fig. 3i).
Escape responses are usually controlled by the Mauthner cells, while little is known about the neural control of predatory strikes.
These findings indicate that the running bouts triggered by looming stimuli are not just a simple increase in locomotion but constitute directed escape responses.
However, silencing DNp09 neurons left looming triggered escape responses intact suggesting that DNp09 triggered running may correspond to a different behavior.
Even though the zebrafish habenula has been shown to down regulate freezing, favoring escape responses, how freezing behavior is produced remains unknown.
Where the focus of research concerning defensive behaviors in mammals has centered around learned freezing responses, innate escape responses have received more attention in other organisms.
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