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The timing of the eruption contributed greatly to the heavy death toll: near midday, when many hikers were near the summit, and during a weekend of clear weather conditions following several rainy weekends.
The real-time observational data from the Shinmoe-dake eruption contributed to volcano warnings and alerts for evacuation of local residents, and the data collection system was commonly used as part of the High Sensitivity Seismograph Network, Japan (Hi-net) operated by NIED.
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The eruptions contributed great amounts of volcanic ash to the atmosphere, probably darkening the skies and lowering the efficiency of plants in taking up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during photosynthesis.
At the individual volcano level, 41% of QEAR volcanoes only contribute one eruption (10% of all eruptions); the most eruptions contributed by a single volcano is 52 eruptions.
Almost half of this was erupted by M ≥ 8 events (Figure 9), which account for just 1% of eruptions (Table 4), whilst recorded M4-4.9 eruptions (44% of eruptions) contribute <1% of the total erupted volume.
Early contribution to cumulative erupted volume is dominated by large eruptions with relatively few low magnitude eruptions contributing to the total; over 50% of the volume erupted over the last 50 kyr was from M ≥ 7 eruptions.
Lamington was again the primary contributor (~52%% of the hazard) dominated by VEI 3 and VEI 4 eruptions contributing to >30%% of the expected ash load.
The relatively short eruption duration contributed to a fast recovery, which was also aided by well resourced and coordinated organisations and resilient infrastructure networks.
Climatic fluctuations and proximal volcanic eruptions probably contributed to the formation of habitats favourable for early angiosperms.
As noted above, dike intrusion associated with the AD 2000 eruption of Miyakejima contributed to uplift event 1 at Kouzushima, Shikinejima, and Niijima (Nishimura et al. 2001; Yamaoka et al. 2005).
Dying plants, burning forests, and volcanic eruptions all contribute to carbon emissions, but the last 200 years of fossil fuel combustion have put more carbon into the atmosphere than the carbon cycle can handle.
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