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But what grievous errors of arithmetic did Friedman commit that were disclosed by the Gang of Four's "rigor[ous]" review of his modeling?
When Thomas Herndon and colleagues Michael Ash and Robert Pollin finally got hold of the research and reworked R&R's numbers, it turned out that they had selectively used data and made basic errors of arithmetic.
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An indirect argument against the error-theory has been developed in recent writings by Crispin Wright (this argument is intended to apply also to Field's error-theory of arithmetic).
The relative standard error of the arithmetic mean ranged from 2 to 4 %, a very high precision.
Non-realism of the first kind can be illustrated via Hartry Field's error-theoretic account of arithmetic, and non-realism of the second kind via J.L. Mackie's error-theoretic account of morals.
The second is a semantic memory subtype, due to verbal memory dysfunction and characterized by errors in the retrieval of arithmetic facts.
In practice, however, due to lack of arithmetic precision, numerical errors may lead to a loss of these properties.
The performance of the proposed models was evaluated by calculating the overall accuracy of prediction, sensitivity, specificity, non-error rate (arithmetic mean of sensitivity and specificity) [38, 39], and Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) [40].
All data are represented as arithmetic means + standard errors of the means (SEM).
Continuous variables were presented as arithmetic means ± standard errors of a mean (SEM).
Multiple observations are presented as arithmetic means with standard errors of means.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com