The sliding surface guarantees finite time convergence of the line-of-sight (LOS) rate and (if specified) the LOS angle error, characterized by a simple function of time-to-go.
The error characterized data set was then archived in the developed XML schema.
Each panel in figure 4 represents a different MSAM and shows the relationship between MSA error, characterized by average MSA distance from the true alignment, and divergence estimate error, taken to be the average sum of errors across individual branches in the phylogenetic tree for amino acid sequences and nucleotide sequences.
An equiripple error characterizes optimality in the Chebyshev sense [64,78].
Moreover, the OceanRAIN precipitation phase probability allows error characterizing precipitation satellite data sets to unveil systematic errors with respect to the precipitation phase.
This transition manifests itself in increased values of the roughness exponent and the scaling error characterizing the quality of auroral emissions fractal scaling, as well as in the number of simultaneously observed emission events.
k-mer spectrum approaches can measure sequencing error, characterize heterozygosity, strain variation or mixtures of organisms [ 37] within a sample in an annotation-independent, scalable way, and therefore, are applicable to a several sequencing applications, including the interpretation of metagenomic data sets and diagnosing technical aspects of the sequencing procedure.
Measurement errors are characterized by calculating percentage errors between the measured values and predictions.
Therefore, the level of measurement errors are characterized by the measurement SNRs. Figure 4 provides the mean-square error (MSE) of (hat {mu }), i.e., (E{|hat {mu }-mu |^{2}}), versus different measurement SNR, where the number of antennas at the ST is N=16 and two values of δ μ for the probing range are set.
