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As of the rigging system in the real world, the measurement error would be expected to be much larger as the size of the object and the camera-object distance were increased by roughly tenfold.
However effects of this error would be expected to be random rather than systematic.
One limitation of this approach is that if families moved, the estimated exposures would be misclassified; however, this increase in measurement error would be expected to decrease the likelihood of observing associations.
Thus, nondifferential measurement error would be expected to bias our results toward the null and would not be responsible for the observed association between indoor PM concentrations and asthma symptoms in this study.
Retrospective exposure measurement is typically limited to parent recall or linkage to historical data (e.g. air pollutant monitors), and therefore incurs a moderate degree of exposure measurement error; this error would be expected to attenuate measured associations, possibly masking true associations.
Tukey post-hoc tests were used to compare the mean difference score of every performance group to the means of every other performance group, and identifies where the differences between two means is greater than the standard error would be expected.
Similar(54)
However, measurement errors would be expected to dilute correlation coefficients towards the null [43].
These exposure assessment errors would be expected to lead to a bias to the null for the intrauterine period.
Also, data entry errors would be expected to occur randomly and not disproportionately among women outside of the target age range or with relatively lower socioeconomic status, as observed in the present study.
If grunting is detrimental to performance, then longer response latencies and/or higher error rates would be expected when participants judge the direction of a tennis shot that is accompanied by a sudden brief noise.
Although some error variance would be expected, analyzing the distributions of change responses across baseline decisions for the individual treatment conditions determines whether or not the experimental manipulations had any systematic effect.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com