Standard errors were derived from the genetic variation explained in five random sets of SNPs; significant (based on the variance explained being greater than 2 standard errors) trait x pathway combinations are in bold.
With this suggestive level of significance we expect to find one false positive QTL (type-1 error) per trait and genome scan.
We will argue that high stability requires at least 50% explained variance based on true stability estimates (correcting for measurement error) for trait-like parenting concepts.
Blomberg's K is the ratio of the mean squared error (MSE) of trait values on the tips of the phylogeny and the MSE expected under Brownian motion.
Numerous analytical and statistical issues, such as the proper control of measurement error in metric traits e.g. [ 21- 23], and the difficulty of reliably estimating DI using single traits [ 6, 7, 23, 24], might provide at least partial explanation for the conflicting results.
BG23 (accession number: 8966) and LG10 (accession number: 84410) were obtained from NIAS Genebank after screening for lines with the widest and the longest grain, omitting the data with input errors (containing wrong trait annotations, low reliability of the reads, etc).
For example, if a sample size of N≈780 is required for a power of 80% to detect a genetic variant that explains 1% of the variance in the error-free latent trait, then N≈1300 is required to achieve the same power if the psychometric instrument has a reliability of.7.
Previously, however, we estimated percentage measurement error for these traits [ 32].
All traits used here were estimated by the same individual (EG) to eliminate inter-observer variation and % measurement error for all traits retained for analysis was estimated to be < 1% [ 32].
Age and years-to-death were fitted as categorical fixed effects rather than continuous covariates because our aim was to generate age-specific estimates and standard errors for each trait in order to compare them; fitting age and years-to-death as covariates would have required using a specific functional form (e.g. linear, quadratic) and not allowed us to generate age-specific standard errors.
