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But single GPS units, with an error radius of up to 30 feet, can be dangerously imprecise for pedestrians, says Walker, and provide no help indoors.
In Figure 3, the abscissa denotes the error radius while the ordinate is the empirical probability of landmark detection.
A nice way to illustrate the detection performance is to plot the percentage of times a particular landmark is detected within a given error radius.
The allowed error radius (detection threshold) is taken as some percentage of the inter-ocular distance IOD, typically 10% or below of IOD. Figure 3 Detection probability of the left eye outer corner versus normalized error.
Differences between model and experimental estimates are shown in parentheses in the error radius units.
The housebound neighbor might have a similar set of coordinates (next door), but the error radius might be 0.1 km (breadth of the house plus the imprecision of the global positioning system unit).
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A definition of a utility parameter, the error-radius, allows this system to learn the number of nodes needed to solve a task.
After that, the final tool path is modified by considering alignment error, tool radius error and squareness error.
The mean error on radius estimation is defined as M E = ( 1 ∕ N ) ∑ i = 1 N | ρ ( i ) - ρ |, where N = 100 is the number of trials and ρ(i) is the radius estimation at each trial.
The simulative and experimental results verified the influence of three major machining errors (tool alignment errors (∆x, ∆y), tool nose radius error (∆R) and squareness error from the proposed approach.
Fig. 5 Excluded fraction of points and relative error of estimated radius R as functions of filter factor (sigma multiples) for the case 2 from [3]. (Other parameters such as estimated angle of rotation are not shown because the transition between the correct and incorrect value is similar as for the radius R).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com