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We show that no penalty needs to be paid in order to control the overall Type I error of the study, under a mild assumption that is expected to generally hold in practice.
Measurement of type-II error was not preplanned in present study and this is of course a shortcoming of this study because assuming the percent difference of PFO frequency between the tension headache patients and the control group to be 7% (23 16%) with an α = 0.05, the post hoc type-II error of the study would be 0.82.
The refractive error of the study subjects ranged from -12.12 D to +7.25 D (mean SE = +0.39±2.38 D).
This refers to the systematic error of the study and is related to study design, variables and analysis strategy.
The method of Muller and Schafer[ 47] would be used to the extent that intervention with an increased sample size in a second stage while preserving the overall Type I error of the study.
Similar(55)
Therefore, measuring the error of the studied techniques should always be performed when comparing two methods.
We found that the rate of these types of administration errors of the study drug was significantly decreased following adoption of the specific study design changes.
Firstly, our dating of the lepisoroid ferns was calibrated with estimates obtained in previous analyses and thus the error of these studies holds the potential to create misleading results [ 33- 35].
The observed quality problems and errors at the monitored sites allow an estimation of the overall error rate of the study.
Also, the multiplicity was not adjusted to control the type I error of this study.
Ordering the standard errors of the studies might be a tool for ranking studies according to the level of random error.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com