ESTs often contain error mutations introduced during the reverse transcription process and spurious polymorphism may arise in contigs from incorrect assembly.
Also printed in the board are two special roulettes to "induce" copy errors ("Mutation Wheel", left top, and "Position Wheel", left bottom), an adapted, unconventional Genetic Code table (right top), and a score table (right bottom).
We can reconstruct the evolutionary past by comparing the sequences of this passed-down DNA because, occasionally, copying errors — mutations — occur between generations, so that within any lineage the DNA sequences change slowly over time.
Errors (mutations) may occur at each reproduction event, at each generation (a round of copies).
Each of these two copying rounds is independently susceptible to errors (mutations).
Tomasetti and Vogelstein concluded that these are primarily due to random errors (mutations) in the DNA of the stem cells which damage genes that either guard against or promote cancer.
Therefore, 'innovation' may be caused by errors, mutations, mistakes, noise, randomness and temperature besides the bona fide innovation of conscious, intelligent agents.
The characteristics of the system dynamics are strongly determined by the presence or absence of errors (mutations in evolutionary terminology) in agents' decisions.
A minor difficulty arises from the omission of the fact that any template replication is prone to mismatch errors (mutations) resulting in copies slightly different from the template.
Because genotyping errors, mutations and residual heterogeneity within the variety could contribute to false exclusions, we allowed one mismatch between the variety and its potential offspring.
