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Unlike the conventional schemes, the proposed scheme does not require any auxiliary signal and from numerical results, it is found to offer a better tracking performance than those of the conventional schemes in terms of the tracking error standard deviation (TESD) and multipath error envelope (MEE).
First, the multipath error envelope (MPEE) is used to characterize the multipath impact on the TDE.
This is realized by calculating the absolute error envelope values and their cumulative sum.
Considering the flexibility of MMSES, when T d = 0.5T c, the error envelope is similar to the DE tracking technique.
The multipath error envelope for the standard BPSK, DE and MMSES tracking techniques are shown in Figure 16.
The multipath error envelope has shown the bias introduced by a particular multipath ray on the time-delay estimation.
Similar(48)
We develop empirically-grounded error envelopes for localization of a point contamination release event in the saturated zone of a previously uncharacterized heterogeneous aquifer into which a number of plume-intercepting wells have been drilled.
Figure 16 Comparison of multipath error envelopes for DE and MMSES.
Three different values of the pre-correlation bandwidth were chosen (5, 12, and 24 MHz) to estimate the MP error envelopes of all 11 schemes.
The MP error envelopes, which are calculated at the maximum points (when the MP signal is at 0° 'in phase' or 180° 'out of phase' with respect to the LOS) are used to calculate the running average errors.
For interpretation of broad-scale spatial features, there is little significance of these error envelopes; their areas are less than 0.5%% of the whole deposit.
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