In addition, the forward problem for source localization of ageing effects presents a difficulty, since head modelling and dipole fitting may be confounded by grey matter atrophy and head movement, leading to deviations from the true lead fields (Sarvas, 1987) and volume conduction (Van den Broek et al., 1998), which can result in erroneous source reconstruction (Hillebrand and Barnes, 2011).
With good measurement practices facilitated by well-designed phantoms, erroneous sources of variability from instruments and measurement protocols can be minimized, isolating the variability of the tissue itself, both within and among individuals.
α: Probability of erroneous pollen source assignment; PE: Pollinator effectiveness; PI: Pollinator importance; S: Self-pollination rate; SICPI: Self-incompatibility-controlled pollinator importance.
Typically, the probability of erroneous pollen source assignment is estimated using pollen-pool allele frequencies from seeds [ 50], but in our study we used pollen-pool genotype frequencies [ 36].
This is especially important for populations, like ours, with relatively large clone sizes, and our genetic data indicate large clones due to the relatively few unique genotypes found and the small difference between the observed and round-robin estimates of α (probability of erroneous pollen source assignment).
This determination increased our probability of excluding potentially erroneous pollen sources and increased the power of our self-pollination rate estimation.
To control for possible erroneous pollen-source assignment, we quantified self-pollination rates using a method-of-moments estimator (based on [ 49] and [ 36] and modified from [ 50]), which we designated as S m.
Robustness is typically understood as an ability of adaptive beamforming algorithm to achieve high performance in the situations with imperfect, incomplete, or erroneous knowledge about the source, propagation media, and antenna array.
However, we note the many cautions expressed by these investigators regarding erroneous reports and the source of possible errors, and we used our model to explore the significance of these factors.
It is clear that stringent controls are needed when using PCR to analyze the transcriptional status of intronless genes, including PCR controls performed in the absence of reverse transcriptase (No-RT controls), to avoid erroneous conclusions regarding the source of similarly sized templates (e.g. mRNA ORF versus genomic DNA of intronless gene).
An inaccurate model can lead to erroneous inversion of contaminant sources.
