Erroneous matches were more common (18±4% S.E. of non-matching individuals were erroneously assessed as a match), and strongly correlated with overall score (Spearman's CC = −0.9759, p<0.0001).
Then the HD4AR performs a distance ratio-test (Lowe 2004) to remove erroneous matches.
First, within the bundle adjustment, erroneous matches are usually discarded by the random sample consensus (RANSAC) [14] or its extensions, progressive sample consensus (PROSAC) [15], and preemptive RANSAC [16].
For RNM, this holds because, " the unmatched objects can be very easily marked as doubtful, whereas the process to detect the errors is time consuming and labour intensive, because erroneous matches need to be analysed one by one" [44].
Their method, unlike the forced-alignment approach in [11] which uses beam pruning to identify erroneous matches, could find also the correct sequence and not only the best match in terms of the state sequence between the text and audio chunk.
By doing so, researchers should be able to minimize erroneous matches, which would lead us to underestimate population size and overestimate longevity and dispersal.
For groups B and C we also compared erroneous matches (observers incorrectly identified images of two different individual W. photogenicus as matching) and missed matches (observers incorrectly identified images of the same individual W. photogenicus as not matching).
The primary reason for this difference in performance characteristics is that Murasaki anchors are calculated across multiple genomes simultaneously rather than progressively, decreasing the number of erroneous matches at the cost of some sensitivity.
This analysis did not include Group A because that test format was considerably different (comparing multiple image panels on a single page), had a very high number of potential erroneous matches, and because we do not plan to use it in the future.
