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It was also quite difficult to translate into Bangla where the equivalent terms have somewhat different meanings from the English terms.
A proposition is logically necessary if it instantiates a law of logic or can be made to instantiate a law of logic through substitution of definitionally equivalent terms.
The Institute for Government IFGG) noted that the number of civil servants had fallen 20% in full-time equivalent terms since 2010, when the coalition government took power and cut spending.
Although the term is not entirely satisfactory because it distinguishes by the sole criterion of written language, it has several advantages over the loosely equivalent terms primitive, preliterate, preurban, savage, and others.
"In light of the deadlock in the negotiations, we support the NUJ stance of taking strike action in defence of our common aim that the FT must honour its commitment to fair and equivalent terms and conditions for all after the Nikkei takeover," the FT's NUJ members said in a motion passed following a meeting on Monday.
Clearly, there was no way of rendering these terms in Norwegian (or indeed, any other language), which meant that Gaski was obliged to leave it "untranslated in the Scandinavian rendition of Valkeapää's book, because the Scandinavian languages lack the equivalent terms for reindeer.
In the text, I have translated 'cazzo' as 'cock,' but 'Book of the Cock' sounds like it might have something to do with poultry, so for the working English title, I settled on 'Book of the Prick.' " Anglo-Saxon sexual slang, however, has a much harsher impact on the ear than its mellifluous Romance counterpart, and equivalent terms don't carry the same charge.
Furthermore, partial synonyms may require different equivalent terms due to slight differences in meaning.
Locke is distancing himself from Hobbes who had made the state of nature and the state of war equivalent terms.
Assuming absolute meaning equality between partial synonyms will lead to unreflecting use of equivalent terms and incorrect translations [20].
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Or, in oil-equivalent terms, U.S. lighting uses the equivalent of 50% of the energy used by all cars on American roads.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com