By virtue of these differences we would expect differences in persistence time without some canalization so that different-size networks have equivalent levels of variance.
To describe the differences between these four patterns, one would need three linear components (or contrasts), each of which would capture an equivalent amount of variance.
For within-group analysis of HR and BP data, a nonparametric equivalent of analysis of variance allowing for multiple comparisons was utilised (Friedman's test).
A nonparametric equivalent to analysis of variance was used (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) to define the differences between the reference strain and the mutants.
If a model only contains dummy variables, it is equivalent to analysis of variance.
Finally, a Kruskal Wallis test, a nonparametric equivalent for analysis of variance, was performed to compare the average characteristic and sum scores achieved by the subsample of students between the first, second, and third papers.
Confidence intervals (CIs) for the GMs of group-specific ratios and significance tests for group differences (Wald tests) were obtained by regressions with the log child:mother ratio as the outcome and categorical explanatory variables (equivalent to analysis of variance).
In this study that uses a normal atrium, we assume the true-score variance σTRUE2 to be the equivalent of the vorticity variance based on a true map measured by phase contrast MRI.
All data were assessed for normality, with subsequent analyses performed using t-tests, non-parametric equivalents or analysis of variance.
Sample sizes were calculated by fitting an empirical function to the results of previous studies [23] to determine how the % relative standard deviation (%RSD; equivalent to the coefficient of variance) scales with the number of positive individuals sampled.
