The conversion factor, known as the mechanical equivalent of heat, is 1 calorie = 4.184 joules.
In fact, this difference was used by the 19th-century German physicist Julius Robert von Mayer to estimate the mechanical equivalent of heat.
The E.C.M.'s, which travel up to the satellite and down to the cards, are the equivalent of heat-seeking missiles.
Among his other contributions were the explanation of the radiometer and an early absolute determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat.
Three years later, with improved thermometric and calorimetric methods, he redetermined the mechanical equivalent of heat; he also redetermined the standard value of electrical resistance, the ohm.
His theory was at once mathematical and mechanical; it contained the principle of the conservation of heat (later understood as an instance of conservation of energy) and even contained the concept (although not the label) of the mechanical equivalent of heat.
In the course of a year, the plant dumps some 220 trillion BTUs of heat into the estuary -- the equivalent of the heat generated by detonating an atomic bomb the size of the one which leveled Hiroshima approximately every two hours in the middle of the river.
PMN (1×107/ml) were co- incubated with C. pneumoniae at a ratio of 1∶1 (MOI 1), equivalent amounts of heat-killed C. pneumoniae, or with mock infected HEp-2 cell lysates as negative controls.
On days 4 and 7 post-treatment, quantitative scoring of the lesions revealed statistically significant differences in the histological scores of the animals treated with 700 pmol of rCARDS toxin relative to the animals treated with an equivalent amount of heat-inactivated toxin (Figure 8).
In some experiments, an equivalent number of heat-killed AM (56°C for 30 min), zymosan (Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, UK) or latex beads (3 μm; Sigma-Aldrich) were injected.
