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To this end, we first explore how an instance of deciding weak cause can be reduced to an equivalent instance in which irrelevant variables in the (potential) weak cause and the causal model are removed, which extends previous work by Hopkins.
It is known that a problem is FPT if and only if it is kernelizable: a kernelization algorithm for a problem Q takes an instance (x, k) and in time polynomial in | x|+ k produces an equivalent instance (x′, k′) (i.e., (x, k)∈ Q if and only if (x′, k′)∈ Q) such that | x′|+ k′≤ g(k) for some computable function g.
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(2.5) The characterizations (2.1), (2.2), and (2.4) are all equivalent, for instance, in Schwartz's space of rapidly decreasing smooth functions.
This value is equivalent, for instance, to a water stream containing 2% w/w n-hexane, 2.4% w/w 1-hexanol or 3.2% w/w hexanoic acid, depending on the oxidation degree of the compound.
A theory may be better supported than an empirical equivalent, for instance, because the former but not the latter is derivable from a more general theory whose consequences include a third, well supported, hypothesis.
Welfare economics traditionally relied on "utility", and the extended informational basis of social choice is mostly formulated with utilities (although the use of extended preference orderings is often shown to be formally equivalent: for instance, saying that Jones is better-off than Smith is equivalent to saying that it is better to be Jones than to be Smith, in some social state).
Their performance, he writes, should be up to par with their equivalent AWS instances.
Figure 3 gives diagrams of equivalent knots, instances of a trefoil.
The next step is to instantiate the rule schema ru and grouping equivalent rule instances by calculating the reactions rtcs.
The former case is equivalent to an instance corresponding to more than one term.
For example, Alonso-Arbiol and van der Vijer [ 1] observed that whereas Spanish ' desesperaciόn' (despair) is a combination of sadness and the anger elements of frustration/exasperation, the English and Basque (' etsipena') equivalents are instances of a more general sadness category.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.
Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com